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🔆ISRO's Gaganyaan Mission: A Cautious Approach 📍Key Points: ✅ Safety First: ISRO prioritizing multiple uncrewed missions before manned flight. ✅ Learning from Mistakes: Avoiding Boeing Starliner incident. ✅ Mission Objectives: Launching three astronauts for a three-day mission. ✅ Technological Advancements: Developing human-rated launch vehicle, life support systems, and crew escape mechanisms. 📍Significance: ✅India's Space Ambitions: Joining elite nations with human spaceflight capability. ✅Technological Progress: Boosting domestic space technology and industry. ✅International Collaboration: Potential for future partnerships in space exploration. 📍Challenges and Concerns: ✅Technical Complexity: Ensuring reliability of critical systems. ✅Financial Resources: Allocating sufficient funds for the ambitious project. ✅Global Competition: Keeping pace with other spacefaring nations. 📍Possible UPSC Questions: Prelims: ✅Which of the following countries has not yet sent humans into space?     A. India     B. China     C. Japan     D. South Korea 📍 Mains: Discuss the significance of India's Gaganyaan mission in the context of global space exploration. Analyze the potential challenges and benefits of this endeavor. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆What is TRISHNA Mission? ✅Recently, the President of the French Space Agency, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), in an event spoke on a wide range of topics from celebrating 60 years of French-India space cooperation to the Gaganyaan and the TRISHNA missions. ✅The Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment (TRISHNA) mission a collaborative endeavor between the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) the French Space Agency CNES. 📍Objectives ✅It is engineered to deliver high spatial and temporal resolution observations of Earth's surface temperature, vegetation health, and water cycle dynamics. ✅It will also help in a comprehensive assessment of urban heat islands, detection of thermal anomalies linked to volcanic activity and geothermal resources, and precise monitoring of snow-melt runoff and glacier dynamics. ✅The mission will also provide valuable data on aerosol optical depth, atmospheric water vapor, and cloud cover. 📍Payloads: TRISHNA satellite is equipped with two primary payloads. ✅The Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload: It is provided by CNES, features a four-channel long-wave infrared imaging sensor capable of high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity mapping. ✅The Visible - Near Infra-Red - Short Wave Infra-Red (VNIR-SWIR) payload: It is developed by ISRO, includes seven spectral bands designed for detailed mapping of surface reflectance of VSWIR bands for generating important biophysical and radiation budget variables. ✅The satellite will operate in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 761 km, with a local time of 12:30 PM at the equator. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

CSM GS4 Paper ethics #Mains2024 #GS4 Join @CSE_EXAM          @TESTSERIES1

CSM GS4 Paper ethics #Mains2024 #GS4 Join @CSE_EXAM          @TESTSERIES1

🔆INSPIRE – MANAK Programme ✅Recently, the 11th National Level Exhibition and Project Competition (NLEPC) of INSPIRE– MANAK winners felicitation ceremony was held in New Delhi. 📍INSPIRE – MANAK Programme: ✅The INSPIRE – MANAK (Million Minds Augmenting National Aspiration and Knowledge) is one of the flagship schemes of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India. ✅It is for nurturing ideas and innovations of school students and motivates them to pursue science and a career in research. ✅It is jointly implemented by DST and the National Innovation Foundation (NIF) – India. ✅It aims to motivate students in the age group of 10-15 years and studying in classes 6 to 10 to become future innovators and critical thinkers. #gs3 #prelims Join @PIB_UPSC

🔆 GS - 3 Marks Distribution in CSE 2023 1. Economy :110 Marks 2. Sci tech : 25 Marks 3. Environment +DM : 65 Marks 4. Internal security : 50 mark ✅ Economy : 5 Question (10 marks) 4 question (15 marks) ✅ Science and technology : 1 Question (10 marks) , 1question (15 marks) ✅ environment + DM : 2 question (10 marks), 3 Question (15marks) ✅ Internal security : 2 question (10 marks), 2 Question (15marks) Join @CSE_EXAM @Anmolvachan1

CSM GS3 Paper 4 #Mains2024 #GS3 Join @CSE_EXAM          @TESTSERIES1

🔆Pheromone ✅Recently, India scientists developed sustainable pheromone dispenser with a controlled release rate which could bring down costs of pest control and management. 📍Pheromone: ✅Pheromones are chemical substances which are secreted on the outside by an individual, and received by another individual of the same species.  ✅These are present in all bodily secretions, and especially in the axillary sweat — can be detected by the olfactory system. ✅Pheromones are ecto-hormones, meaning they are secreted outside the body. 📍Types of Pheromones ✅Releaser pheromones: They work right away and elicit a specific response from the other person. ✅Signaler pheromones: They give information about the person who releases them. For example, they help a mother tell her own baby apart from other babies. ✅Modulator pheromones: They affect mood and emotions.  ✅Primer pheromones affect hormones, for example during pregnancy or menstrual cycles. ✅Animals, with their heightened senses and vomeronasal organ are known to secrete pheromones to trigger many kinds of behaviours like raising an alarm, signalling a food trail, warning another animal to back off, and bonding with an offspring. ✅Pheromones are also used by some fungi, slime molds, and algae as attractants in reproduction; organisms of complementary reproductive cell types grow or move toward each other. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆GS2 Marks ✅Polity and Constitution : 125 ✅Governance Social Justice: 75 ✅International Relations: 50 ✅Polity and Constitution : Question 5 (10 marks), 5 question (15 marks) ✅Governance social justice: 3 Question (10 marks) , 3 Question (15 marks) ✅International Relations: 2 question (10 marks), 2 Question (15marks) Join @CSE_EXAM @Anmolvachan1

CSM GS2 Paper 3 #Mains2024 #GS2 Join @CSE_EXAM          @TESTSERIES1

General studies paper 1 marks ✅ culture & History: 75 ✅Geography: 65 ✅Society: 110 ✅ Culture History: 3 questions (10 marks) and 3 question (15 marks) ✅Society: 5 question (10 marks) and 4 question (15 marks) ✅Geography: 2 question (10 marks) and 3 question (15 marks) Join @CSE_EXAM        @Anmolvachan1

CSM GS1 Paper #Mains2024 #GS1 Join @CSE_EXAM          @TESTSERIES1

🔆Square Kilometer Array Telescope: ✅It is a state of the art, mega science international facility to build the world’s biggest and most sensitive radio telescope for addressing a wide variety of cutting-edge science goals. ✅Location: It is co-located in Australia(SKA-Low) and South Africa (SKA-Mid) with operational headquarters in the UK, is expected to revolutionize radio astronomy. ✅The array in South Africa is named SKA-Mid while the one in Australia is called SKA-Low, the names reflecting the frequency ranges they operate in. ✅It consists of a total of 1,31,072 lakh antennas, each measuring two-metres in height, will collectively form the SKA-Low. ✅The SKA-Mid will comprise 197 large parabolic dish antennas. Offering the largest bandwidth of observations, SKA-Low will operate from Australia in the frequency bandwidth 50 – 350 Mega Hertz while SKA-Mid is designated to operate in 350 MHz – 15.4 Gigahertz band in South Africa. ✅The facility is meant to observe the universe in a new way, and probe questions related to the origins of the universe, formation and evolution of galaxies and seeking the origins of life. ✅India became a member of SKA in December 2022. ✅Other countries involved in this project are - Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, and the Netherlands. #gs3 #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆Gaganyaan expansion project gets govt nod #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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Venus Orbiter Mission Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India has approved the development of Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM). Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India has approved the development of Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM).

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) ✅STSS is a severe illness caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, triggers an intense inflammatory response that can damage multiple organs. ✅Early symptoms like fever, muscle pain, and nausea can quickly escalate to organ failure if not promptly treated. ✅Timely medical intervention with antibiotics, fluids, and sometimes surgery is crucial to save lives and prevent serious complications. #Health

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🔆Phosphoric Acid ✅The diversion of phosphoric acid, a key fertiliser ingredient, for making electric vehicle batteries can become a source of worry for Indian agriculture. 📍Phosphoric Acid: ✅It is a non-combustible, colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing inorganic acid. ✅Phosphoric acid is not directly found in nature. It can be obtained from phosphate rock deposits. 📍Uses ✅It is used to make phosphate salts for fertilizers. ✅It is also used in dental cements, in the preparation of albumin derivatives, and in the sugar and textile industries. ✅It serves as an acidic, fruitlike flavouring in food products. ✅It is also used in lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries. ✅It is used in the manufacture of superphosphate fertilisers, livestock feeds, phosphate salts, polyphosphates, soaps, waxes, polishes and detergents. ✅It is an irritant or corrosive to the skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. ✅India imports phosphoric acid mainly from Jordan, Morocco, Senegal, and Tunisia. #gs3 #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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Quantum Computing: A Game-Changer for Large Language Models 🧠 The Challenge of LLMs 🚧 Large Language Models (LLMs) consume massive amounts of energy for training and operation. They also struggle with hallucinations, syntax understanding, and limited control over their outputs. Quantum Computing to the Rescue 🚀 Quantum computing, leveraging quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement, offers a potential solution. Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP) aims to address the limitations of LLMs by: * Reducing Energy Consumption: QNLP models require fewer parameters to achieve the same performance, lowering energy consumption. * Improving Accuracy: QNLP can enhance LLMs' understanding of syntax and semantics, leading to more accurate and contextually appropriate outputs. * Addressing Hallucinations: QNLP may mitigate the problem of LLMs generating nonsensical or factually incorrect text. A New Approach 💡 Researchers have developed a Quantum Generative Model (QGen) that can work with both stationary and non-stationary data. This model is more efficient than classical methods and can be used for various applications like forecasting and anomaly detection. Potential Impact 🌟 Quantum computing holds immense potential to revolutionize AI applications. By addressing the challenges of LLMs, QNLP and QGen can pave the way for more efficient, accurate, and sustainable AI systems. Possible Prelims Question: * What is the primary challenge faced by large language models in terms of energy consumption? * A) High computational power requirements * B) Inefficient algorithms * C) Massive datasets * D) Lack of hardware advancements Possible Mains Question: * Discuss the potential of quantum computing to address the limitations of large language models. What are the key challenges and opportunities in this field?

The article explores the ambitious goal of providing a “free AI-powered primary-care physician for every Indian, available 24/7” within the next five years and discusses its feasibility and sustainability. AI is proficient in automating tasks but lacks human characteristics such as understanding the physical world, retrieving complex information, and engaging in reasoning, which are fundamental in medicine. Health care demands a human-centric approach involving empathy and cultural understanding, which AI cannot replicate due to lack of conscious experience. AI's utility in health care is seen in specific tasks such as predicting hospital kitchen supply needs and optimizing drug procurement. Diffusion models can screen medical images, aiding in disease detection. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

✅Signal modulation, including AM, FM, and PM, is crucial for transmitting information efficiently by adjusting wave properties like amplitude, frequency, and phase; these modulation techniques help manage signal interference and enable clear communication across different technologies. ✅Signal modulation simplifies the technologies required to send and receive good-quality signals carrying information, like the news and songs on the radio. ✅Amplitude measures the height of the wave; higher amplitude sound waves are louder, and high amplitude light waves are brighter. ✅Frequency is the number of successive wave crests arriving at a spot per second, measured in hertz (Hz) ✅Frequency modulation (FM) adjusts wave frequency to transmit information, while amplitude modulation (AM) adjusts the height of the waves. ✅Phase modulation (PM) uses the phase difference between waves to encode messages, providing resistance to interference and noise, making it ideal for digital transmission like Wi-Fi. #gs3

🔆SpaceX Polaris Dawn mission #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile: ✅It is a ship-borne weapon system designed to neutralise various aerial threats at close ranges, including sea-skimming targets. ✅During the mid-course flight, the missile uses a fibre-optic gyroscope-based inertial guidance mechanism while the terminal phase uses active radar homing. ✅It is developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). ✅The test was jointly carried out by the Indian Navy and the DRDO from a land-based vertical launcher against a high-speed, low-flying aerial target. ✅It is designed for neutralising various airborne threats at close ranges, including aircraft, helicopters, drones, and incoming missiles. ✅It is equipped with advanced guidance systems and cutting-edge technologies that provide enhanced agility and precision in targeting. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆Study finds Ozone pollution reduces tropical forest growth #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆Trilobite fossil discovered A new study has found that a trilobite species from upstate New York has an additional set of legs underneath its head, suggesting that a fifth pair of head appendages may be more common among trilobites than previously thought. This discovery helps researchers better understand the segmentation of trilobite heads. Trilobites are extinct arthropods, and their living relatives include lobsters and spiders. Trilobite bodies are segmented, with the head region made up of several fused segments. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆MVA-BN smallpox vaccine moderately effective in preventing Mpox infection #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

Consider the following statements with reference to Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): 1. Generative AI refers to a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on the creation of new and original content, such as images, text, or music. 2. Generative AI models often utilize neural networks, to learn patterns and generate diverse outputs.

Consider the following statements with reference to quantum coherence : 1. It is the ability of a quantum state to maintain its entanglement and superposition in face of interactions. 2. It is based on idea that two waves may coherently interfere with each other to form a single state. 3. It operates on the principle that all objects have particle like properties.

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The CSTT was established on October 1, 1961, to standardize scientific and technical terminology in Indian languages. As part of NEP 2020, the government initiated technical education, including engineering and medicine, in Indian languages. CSTT launched the "Shabd" digital glossary platform to offer technical terms in all 22 official Indian languages. "Shabd" serves as a central repository, allowing users to search and provide feedback on scientific and technical terms in Indian languages. The platform contains about 21,84,050 headwords from 322 glossaries, covering disciplines such as Humanities, Medical Sciences, Engineering, and more. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆OpenAI o1: ✅It is a new large language model trained with reinforcement learning to perform complex reasoning. ✅It thinks before it answers—it can produce a long internal chain of thought before responding to the user. ✅This model can reason through complex tasks and solve harder problems than previous models in science, coding, and math. ✅According to the company, the model is a progressive step toward achieving human-like AI. ✅It has trained these models to spend more time thinking through problems before it responds, much like a human would. ✅The o1 model scored 83 per cent on the qualifying exam for the International Mathematics Olympiad, OpenAI said in its blog post. This is a vast improvement from the 13 per cent scored by its predecessor, GPT-4o. ✅Currently, the o1 can neither browse the internet nor process files and images. It also lacks factual information about recent world events. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology

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Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted the flight test of the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)

🔆Kawasaki disease #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆Mission Mausam: ✅It is envisaged to be a multi-faceted and transformative initiative to tremendously boost India's weather and climate-related science, research, and services. ✅It will exponentially expound research and development, and capacity in atmospheric sciences, especially weather surveillance, modelling, forecasting, and management. By integrating advanced observation systems, high-performance computing, and cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning. ✅Its focus will include improving observations and understanding for providing highly accurate and timely weather and climate information across temporal and spatial scales, including monsoon forecasts, alerts for air quality, extreme weather events and cyclones, weather interventions for managing fog, hail, and rain, etc., capacity building and generating awareness. ✅Critical elements of Mission Mausam will include the deployment of next-generation radars and satellite systems with advanced sensors and high-performance supercomputers, the development of improved Earth system models and a GIS-based automated Decision Support System for real-time data dissemination. #science_and_technology Join @PIB_UPSC @upsc_science_and_technology

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Montelukast: overused and dangerous ✅ Numerous warnings and studies have shown that montelukast can cause severe neuropsychiatric adverse effects, yet it is being widely used and sold without regulation in India. ✅Montelukast is prescribed for asthma and allergic rhinitis, but studies indicate it is inferior to first-line therapies like inhaled corticosteroids and antihistamines. ✅In India, there are misconceptions and stigmas about inhalers leading to the preference for oral medications, contributing to the overuse of montelukast.

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Agni-4 Missile: ✅It is an intermediate-range ballistic missile. ✅The launch of this Agni-4 was carried out from the Integrated Test Range in Odisha’s Chandipur. ✅The launch successfully validated all operational and technical parameters. It was conducted under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command, a part of India's Nuclear Command Authority (NCA). Features: ✅It can hit as far as 4,000 kilometres. ✅The 20-metre-long missile can carry a payload of 1,000 kg and can be fired from a road-mobile launcher. ✅It is a surface-to-surface ✅It is a mobile, two-stage solid-fuel system. ✅The Agni missiles are designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Zoonotic diseases can spread in multiple ways. Understand how it spreads and protect yourself through proper hygiene, safe food practices, and more

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VISHANU YUDDH ABHYAS”: A Mock Drill on Pandemic Preparedness conducted under National One Health Mission

#prelims

🔆Valley Fever: ✅Valley Fever, also called coccidioidomycosis, is an infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides. ✅The fungus lives in soil in some areas, including the southwestern United States and south-central Washington, as well as in parts of Mexico as well as Central and South America. Source

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🔆Tinzaparin: ✅It is a drug used to treat serious blood clots, and can reduce damage to cells due to spitting cobra venom. ✅It is a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with antithrombotic properties. ✅It is used for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis, a condition in which harmful blood clots form in the blood vessels of the legs. 📍Highlights of the research ✅Tanzaparin worked by blocking the interaction between the venom and its receptor in the cell by binding to venom molecules. ✅Snake Venom’s toxicity depended on the biological pathway that synthesised heparan sulphate, artificially stopping this pathway could ameliorate the venom’s toxic effects. ✅One way of doing so is to introduce molecules that closely resemble heparan sulphate. As the body senses an excess of these molecules, it shuts down the pathways responsible for heparan sulphate synthesis. One such molecule is tinzaparin. ✅When the team introduced tinzaparin immediately after subjecting cells to the snake venom, the cells survived. 📍What is heparan sulphate? ✅It is found on the surface of human and animal cells. Heparin sulfate is released from our cells when our immune systems respond to a threat. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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✅The upcoming Summit of the Future (September 22-23 2024) will play a pivotal role in shaping global AI governance through the Global Digital Compact (GDC), aiming to address the digital divide and support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ✅India's historical advocacy for the Global South and its robust international engagement position it to lead discussions on fair and inclusive AI governance, contributing to a sustainable digital future.

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Cabinet approves one more semiconductor unit under India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) ✅ The proposed unit will be setup with an investment of ₹ 3,300 crore. The capacity of this unit will be 60 Lakh chips per day ✅ The chips produced in this unit will cater to a wide variety of applications which include segments such as industrial, automotive, electric vehicles, consumer electronics, telecom, mobile phones, etc

🔆Genome editing: ✅Genome editing is a powerful tool that allows scientists to make precise changes to the Deoxy-Ribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence of living organisms. ✅This technology has vast applications in agriculture, where it can be used to enhance crop yields, improve resistance to pests and diseases, and introduce desirable traits like drought tolerance. The most commonly known genome-editing tool is CRISPR, which has revolutionised genetic research due to its precision and efficiency. 📍CRISPR and its limitations in plant genome editing: ✅CRISPR technology, particularly using proteins like Cas9 and Cas12, has been widely used in genome editing. ✅These proteins work by cutting DNA at specific locations, allowing scientists to remove, add, or replace genetic material. ✅However, a major limitation in plant genome editing has been the size of these proteins, which are often too large to be efficiently accommodated by plant cells. ✅This has created a need for smaller, more efficient genome-editing tools that can work effectively in plant systems. 📍The ISDra2TnpB genome editor: ✅Researchers have developed a new genome-editing tool called ISDra2TnpB, derived from the bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans. ✅This tool is significantly smaller than the traditional CRISPR-associated proteins like Cas9 and Cas12, making it more suitable for use in plant cells. #gs3 #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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Garlic and onions, which store food in underground bulbs, have developed defensive chemicals to protect themselves from bacteria, fungi, nematodes, larvae, snails, and mice. Recent chemical analyses have revealed that garlic contains over 2,300 chemicals, with only 70 known for their nutritional value, such as manganese, selenium, and vitamin B6. #science_and_technology

✅Scientists at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) have identified a new target for killing cancer cells, focusing on DNA repair during cell division. ✅Current anti-cancer drugs target an enzyme called topoisomerase 1 (Top1), which is critical for DNA replication and transcription. Cancer cells often activate repair mechanisms using a protein called TDP1 to counteract these drugs. #science_and_technology #social_issues

NASA announced that the Starliner crew capsule used to transport astronauts Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore to the International Space Station (ISS) was deemed unsafe for their return, extending their stay onboard until February 2025.

Centre plans to boost 2G ethanol ✅The Centre has introduced the BioE3 policy to enhance bio-technology-centric manufacturing in India, aiming to set up enzyme-manufacturing facilities for ethanol production. ✅The government's ethanol policy aims to blend 20% ethanol with petrol by 2025, potentially reducing enzyme procurement costs by two-thirds if relying on locally developed enzymes. ✅The NITI Aayog recommends using agricultural biomass and municipal solid waste as ethanol feedstock, reducing reliance on food crops and addressing pollution from rice stubble burning. #science_and_technology #environment #economy #GS3

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🔆Experiment NOVA ✅NOvA is an experiment designed to determine the role of neutrinos in the evolution of the cosmos. ✅Neutrinos belong to a group of fundamental particles called leptons in the Standard Model. They have no electric charge and very little mass (nearly massless).  ✅They are the second-most abundant particles after photons (particles of light) and the most abundant among particles that make up matter. ✅They very rarely interact with matter and that is why they are called “ghost particles”. This means they can travel through vast distances, including entire planets, almost undetected. ✅There are three main types of neutrinos: Electron neutrino, Muon neutrino and Tau neutrino. These particles are produced when particles called leptons interact with matter. Source of Neutrinos: Stars, Supernovae, Galaxies, Nuclear reactions. 📍NOvA experiment: ✅The NOvA (NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance) experiment is a prominent neutrino experiment designed to study neutrino oscillations and properties. NOvA is specifically designed to observe the transformation of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos as they travel over a long distance. To achieve this, the experiment utilises two detectors located in the US: ✅So, the aim is to understand the unknown factors that govern neutrino oscillations that would significantly improve our understanding of how the universe is constituted. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

✅India has commissioned its second nuclear submarine, INS Arighaat, into the Navy, enhancing the country's deterrence capability. ✅It is armed with indigenously made K-15 Missile ✅The INS Arighaat will join the INS Arihant, bolstering India's nuclear triad—the ability to fire nuclear missiles from the air, land, and sea. ✅Through this project, India's industrial sector, especially MSMEs, have seen significant growth and employment opportunities have been created. #gs3 #prelims @upsc_prep_squad

🔆Artificial rain Cloud seeding is a process in which chemicals are implanted into clouds to increase rainfall in an environment where water scarcity is a concern. The most common substances used for cloud seeding include silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). These agents provide the nuclei around which water vapour can condense, ultimately leading to the formation of rain or snow. Cloud seeding is of two types — hygroscopic and glaciogenic. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_prep_squad

🔆Biotechnology initiative need long term capital investment #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology @upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox (formerly monkeypox) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), following an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and its spread to several other African countries. This declaration is notable as it is the first PHEIC under the revised International Health Regulations (IHR) that incorporate equity as a core principle. Concurrently, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (AfricaCDC) has declared a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS) for the same outbreak. PHEIC Declaration: The declaration aims to foster international cooperation, prompting countries, organizations, and NGOs to collaborate, share information, and mobilize resources. #gs2 #ir #prelims @upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial

🔆ISRO designed humanoid skull which will ne used in Gaganyaan mission #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

What is SpaceX’s Crew Dragon, which will bring back Sunita Williams from space? 🔗 #everyday_science #explained_sci_tech

✅The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation has granted approval to Siemens Healthineers for the manufacture of RT-PCR testing kits for detection of Mpox. ✅The kits will be manufactured by the company’s molecular diagnostics manufacturing unit in Vadodara, which has a production capacity of one million tests per annum. ✅With the RT-PCR kits, the test results will be available in 40 minutes, which is significantly faster than traditional methods that take one to two hours. This will help reduce the turnaround time for reporting, leading to quicker responses, the company said. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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✅SpaceX is attempting the first-ever private spacewalk, testing innovative equipment such as slim spacesuits and a cabin without an airlock. ✅The mission, named ‘Polaris Dawn’, will involve a billionaire entrepreneur, a retired military fighter pilot, and two SpaceX employees, reaching an altitude of up to 1,400 km. ✅This mission aims to go the farthest from Earth any humans have ventured since NASA’s Apollo program. ✅Crew Dragon’s cabin will be depressurised and exposed to the vacuum of space while two astronauts perform a spacewalk tethered by an oxygen line. The entire crew will rely on their spacesuits for life support. ✅The mission will test the electronics and shielding on Crew Dragon and spacesuits in high-radiation areas like the Van Allen belt. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology