auditoriya statistikasi UPSC POLITY

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■ COMPOSITION OF RAJYA SABHA #Parliament ◇ The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are nominated by the president. ◇ At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Of these, 229 members represent the states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the president. ◇ The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and union territories. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ ORGANISATION OF PARLIAMENT #Parliament ◇ Parliament of India consists of three parts viz, the President, the Council of States and the House of the People. ◇ In 1954, the Hindi names ‘Rajya Sabha’ and ‘Lok Sabha’ were adopted by the Council of States and the House of People respectively. ◇ The Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders) and the Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House). The former represents the states and union territories of the Indian Union, while the latter represents the people of India as a whole. ◇ Though the President of India is not a member of either House of Parliament and does not sit in the Parliament to attend its meetings, he is an integral part of the Parliament. This is because a bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament cannot become law without the President’s assent. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ FUNCTIONS OF CABINET COMMITTEES #Cabinetcommittees The following four are the more important cabinet committees: ◇ The Political Affairs Committee deals with all policy matters pertaining to domestic and foreign affairs. ◇ The Economic Affairs Committee directs and coordinates the governmental activities in the economic sphere. ◇ Appointments Committee decides all higher level appointments in the Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises, Banks and Financial Institutions. ◇ Parliamentary Affairs Committee looks after the progress of government business in the Parliament. • The first three committees are chaired by the Prime Minister and the last one by the Home Minister. • Of all the Cabinet Committees, the most powerful is the Political Affairs Committee, often described as a “Super-Cabinet”. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ FEATURES OF CABINET COMMITTEES #Cabinetcommittees ◇ They are extra-constitutional in emergence. In other words, they are not mentioned in the Constitution. ◇ They are of two types–standing and ad hoc. The former are of a permanent nature while the latter are of a temporary nature. The ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed. ◇ They are set up by the Prime Minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation. Hence, their number, nomenclature, and composition varies from time to time. ◇ Their membership varies from three to eight. They usually include only Cabinet Ministers. However, the non-cabinet Ministers are not debarred from their membership. ◇ They not only include the Ministers in charge of subjects covered by them but also include other senior Ministers.

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■ KITCHEN CABINET #Councilofminister ◇ The cabinet, a small body consisting of the prime minister as its head and some 15 to 20 most important ministers, is the highest decision-making body in the formal sense. ◇ However, a still smaller body called the ‘Inner Cabinet’ or ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ has become the real centre of power. ◇ This informal body consists of the Prime Minister and two to four influential colleagues in whom he has faith and with whom he can discuss every problem. It advises the prime minister on important political and administrative issues and assists him in making crucial decisions. ◇ It is composed of not only cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family members of the prime minister. ◇ Every prime minister in India has had his ‘Inner Cabinet’–a circle within a circle. During the era of Indira Gandhi, the ‘Inner Cabinet’ which came to be called the ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ was particularly powerful.

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■ COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS #Councilofministers ◇ The council of ministers consists of three categories of ministers, namely, cabinet ministers, ministers of state, and deputy ministers. ◇ The difference between them lies in their respective ranks, emoluments, and political importance. At the top of all these ministers stands the Prime Minister–the supreme governing authority of the country. ◇ The cabinet ministers head the important ministries of the Central government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and so forth. They are members of the cabinet, attend its meetings and play an important role in deciding policies. Thus, their responsibilities extend over the entire gamut of Central government. ◇ The ministers of state can either be given independent charge of ministries/ departments or can be attached to cabinet ministers.

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■ ARTICLE 77 - CONDUCT OF BUSINESS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA #Councilofministers ◇ All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. ◇ Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President. • Further, the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the President. ◇ The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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