barcha postlar UPSC Environment Ecology Agriculture Notes

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#Environment ■ What are the new Green Credit Programme rules- ✅The Environment Ministry issued further guidelines on its Green Credit Programme (GCP), after it had prescribed rules governing the first initiative. ● Key Highlights: ✅Green Credit Programme: It has its origin in Mission Life. ✅The GCP programme presents itself as an “innovative, market-based mechanism” to incentivise “voluntary actions” for environmental conservation. ✅Individuals, organizations and companies public and private would be encouraged to invest in sectors ranging from ✅Afforestation water conservation, stemming air-pollution, waste management, mangrove conservation and in return be eligible to receive ‘green credits. ✅An autonomous body, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. ✅They will define methodologies to calculate ‘green credits’ that result from the activities prescribed. ✅They will also manage a trading platform whereby such credits could be traded. ● Controversy around GCP: ✅The GCP programme for afforestation says that companies can “exchange” their credits for “complying with compensatory afforestation, which would create excessive deforestation in certain parcels of Land. ✅Planting trees does not automatically boost ecosystems. ✅Planting the wrong types of trees could fester invasive species or prevent a sustainable ecosystem. ✅There is also a threat that natural forests could be razed and invasive monocultures promoted. ✅Finally, the GCP also says that green credits that result in storing carbon (from trees) may be used for carbon trading. ✅This again is controversial as the math equating these activities is not clear. ● Government response: ✅States must rely on to calculate what it would cost to restore a degraded forest landscape. ✅Preference would be given to indigenous species ✅companies would not be able to offset all their obligations under compensatory afforestation using green credits, but could claim a portion of it. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Carbon Credit ✅Mission LIFE SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ No forests or animals will be left if human-wildlife conflicts continue- ✅The Supreme Court while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary warned human-wildlife conflicts pose a danger to the existence of forests and wildlife. ● Highlights: ✅The Supreme Court stated, to conserve forest there needs to be a balance between the rights of human and wildlife. ✅The observations came while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of Assam’s Pobitora wildlife sanctuary and the settlement of rights of villagers who reside within the sanctuary. ✅The Bench said the State’s proposals regarding the sanctuary would be cleared by the National Board of Wildlife and also undergo the scrutiny of the Supreme Court. ✅The court ordered the States to include the Chief Wildlife Warden and the Field Director of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary to be made members of the special committee to represent the concerns of the wildlife. ✅The court noted in its order that “from the prima facie perusal of the map, it appears that the State proposes to delete smaller areas of the wildlife sanctuary and include a larger area so as to account for the land of the settlers and also the issue of the growing population of rhinoceros”. ✅Last month the Supreme Court also stayed Assam government’s decision to denotify the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary. ● Impacts of Human-wildlife conflict: ✅Financial losses to humans along with threats to health and safety. Livelihoods, food security and property are also affected. ✅Increase in road and railway infrastructure increases the chances of accidental death of animals. ✅Habitat loss and Fragmentation of animals which leads to biodiversity loss or extinction. ● Prelims Takeaways: ✅Pobitora wildlife sanctuary ✅Human wildlife conflict SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ No forests or animals will be left if human-wildlife conflicts continue- ✅The Supreme Court while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary warned human-wildlife conflicts pose a danger to the existence of forests and wildlife. ● Highlights: ✅The Supreme Court stated, to conserve forest there needs to be a balance between the rights of human and wildlife. ✅The observations came while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of Assam’s Pobitora wildlife sanctuary and the settlement of rights of villagers who reside within the sanctuary. ✅The Bench said the State’s proposals regarding the sanctuary would be cleared by the National Board of Wildlife and also undergo the scrutiny of the Supreme Court. ✅The court ordered the States to include the Chief Wildlife Warden and the Field Director of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary to be made members of the special committee to represent the concerns of the wildlife. ✅The court noted in its order that “from the prima facie perusal of the map, it appears that the State proposes to delete smaller areas of the wildlife sanctuary and include a larger area so as to account for the land of the settlers and also the issue of the growing population of rhinoceros”. ✅Last month the Supreme Court also stayed Assam government’s decision to denotify the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary. ● Impacts of Human-wildlife conflict: ✅Financial losses to humans along with threats to health and safety. Livelihoods, food security and property are also affected. ✅Increase in road and railway infrastructure increases the chances of accidental death of animals. ✅Habitat loss and Fragmentation of animals which leads to biodiversity loss or extinction. ● Prelims Takeaways: ✅Pobitora wildlife sanctuary ✅Human wildlife conflict SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Restoring earth’s right to good health- ✅The European Court of Human Rights found the Government of Switzerland guilty of violating the rights of a group of women senior citizens of a Swiss civil society group ✅It noted that the government’s actions to curb emissions were inadequate and had failed to protect women against the impacts of climate change. ● Highlights: ✅The decision which is first of its kind in the world highlights how the climate crisis is increasingly becoming a human rights crisis. ✅A month ago a similar watershed moment happened in India, when the Supreme Court of India ruled that people have a right ‘to be free from the adverse impacts of climate change’, citing Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. ✅The latest State of the Global Climate Report by the World Meteorological Organization revealed that most climate change indicators reached record levels in 2023. ✅It confirmed 2023 to be the hottest year since global recording of temperatures was started. ✅Records were also broken for ocean heat, sea level rise, Antarctic Sea ice loss and glacier retreat. ✅The health of the planet is under extreme stress, impacting people’s right to live a healthy life. ✅India has made rapid strides in decoupling emissions from economic growth. It has even achieved two of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets ✅Reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33% to 35% from 2005 level ✅Achieving 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources, well ahead of the target year of 2030. ✅However, the country remains highly vulnerable to climate change. More than 80% of its population lives in districts that are at risk of climate-induced disasters. ● Approaches to avert climate crisis: ✅Adoption of an overarching regulation on climate change. While India has several laws and regulations related to tackling climate change, a framework law can help strengthen climate governance. ✅India’s localisation model for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has successfully integrated the SDGs into local-level planning through multi-tiered and multi-stakeholder processes. ✅Another pathway can build on inter-ministerial and inter-sectoral approaches just like one health initiative. ✅Empower citizen groups and civil society organisations in fostering a rights-based dialogue on environment, biodiversity and climate action. SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Plastic Treaty Talks: What do Countries, Firms want- ✅Global Leaders met in Canada, to discuss a global treaty to end the Plastic Pollution by the end of year. ● Key Highlights: ✅The U.N. Environment Assembly in 2022, nations agreed to develop a legally binding agreement by the end of 2024 to address the world's plastic pollution crisis. ✅The treaty is set to address plastics through their entire lifecycle ✅Many plastic and petrochemical-producing countries including Saudi Arabia, Iran and China, known collectively as the group of Like-Minded Countries have opposed mentioning production limits. ✅Meanwhile, the 60-nation "High-Ambition Coalition", which includes EU countries, island nations, Japan and the UAE, wants to end plastic pollution by 2040. ● Plastic Usage: ✅The petrochemical industry (Used for making Plastics) says that production caps would lead to higher prices and that the treaty should address: ✅The reuse or recycling of plastics, and on developing the market for burning plastics as fuel. ● Plastics: ✅Plastics are polymers. A polymer is a substance made of many repeating units ✅Plastics can be divided into two: thermoplastics and thermosets. ✅Thermoplastics are defined as polymers that can be melted and recast almost indefinitely. ✅Thermosets is a polymer that irreversibly becomes rigid when heated ● Efforts taken by India: ✅Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021 prohibits identified single use plastic items by 2022 ✅Thickness of plastic carry bags increased from 50 to 75 microns in 2021 and to 120 microns with effect from 2022 ✅Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2022 The guidelines provide a framework to Strengthen the circular economy of plastic packaging waste ✅Promote the development of new alternatives to plastic packaging ✅Provide the steps for moving towards sustainable plastic packaging by businesses ● Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: ✅Released the interim report ‘Towards Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040: ✅21 million tonnes (MT) of plastics leaked into the environment globally. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Types of Plastic ✅OECD report Source - INDIAN EXPRESS

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#Environment ■ What are the new Green Credit Programme rules- ✅The Environment Ministry issued further guidelines on its Green Credit Programme (GCP), after it had prescribed rules governing the first initiative. ● Key Highlights: ✅Green Credit Programme: It has its origin in Mission Life. ✅The GCP programme presents itself as an “innovative, market-based mechanism” to incentivise “voluntary actions” for environmental conservation. ✅Individuals, organizations and companies public and private would be encouraged to invest in sectors ranging from ✅Afforestation water conservation, stemming air-pollution, waste management, mangrove conservation and in return be eligible to receive ‘green credits. ✅An autonomous body, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. ✅They will define methodologies to calculate ‘green credits’ that result from the activities prescribed. ✅They will also manage a trading platform whereby such credits could be traded. ● Controversy around GCP: ✅The GCP programme for afforestation says that companies can “exchange” their credits for “complying with compensatory afforestation, which would create excessive deforestation in certain parcels of Land. ✅Planting trees does not automatically boost ecosystems. ✅Planting the wrong types of trees could fester invasive species or prevent a sustainable ecosystem. ✅There is also a threat that natural forests could be razed and invasive monocultures promoted. ✅Finally, the GCP also says that green credits that result in storing carbon (from trees) may be used for carbon trading. ✅This again is controversial as the math equating these activities is not clear. ● Government response: ✅States must rely on to calculate what it would cost to restore a degraded forest landscape. ✅Preference would be given to indigenous species ✅companies would not be able to offset all their obligations under compensatory afforestation using green credits, but could claim a portion of it. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Carbon Credit ✅Mission LIFE SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ NGT shows concern over chemicals in Chennai waterbodies- ✅Recently ,National Green Tribunal (NGT) took Suo Motu cognisance and has expressed concerns about the presence of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water bodies of Chennai based on a study conducted by IIT Madras. ● Key Highlights of report: ✅The report noted a presence of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in water bodies ✅The study found out the groundwater near the Perungudi dumpyard contained 2.72 nanogram per litre (ng/L) of perfluoro octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) which significantly exceeded the EPA’s safe level of 0.02ng/L. ✅It was also observed, when compared to raw water the concentration of all eight target PFAS increased in the treated water. ✅As the conventional water treatment only makes PFAS more prevalent the study called for an advanced polishing treatment system. ● Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): ✅PFAS are also known as Forever chemicals due to their ability to stick around in the environment for a long period of time. ✅They are synthetic chemicals which degrade the environment and are used to make non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, cosmetics and other products that repel water or oil ✅PFAS are known to cause adverse health effects such as liver damage, hormonal imbalance, immune system issues, and cancer. ● Stockholm Convention: ✅The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). ✅The Stockholm Convention focuses on eliminating or reducing releases of POPs. ✅Over 152 countries ratified the Convention and it entered into force, on 17 May 2004. India ratified the Convention in 2006 ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) ✅Stockholm Convention SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Over 21,000 birds to be culled in Alappuzha today- ✅The Animal Husbandry Department will carry out bird culling operations in the avian flu-hit regions of Kuttanad in Kerala. ✅“The Centre has notified the outbreak of disease. ● Avian Influenza: ✅Avian influenza, often referred to as bird flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects birds, particularly wild birds and domestic poultry. ✅Human transmission of avian influenza occurs occasionally, but it is difficult to transmit the infection from person to person. ✅As per World Health Organisation(WHO), when people do become infected, the mortality rate is about 60%. ✅It can range from mild flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, and muscle aches, to severe respiratory issues like pneumonia, difficulty breathing, and even cognitive problems such as altered mental status and seizures. ● Avian Influenza and India: ✅The initial outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in India occurred in 2006 in Navapur, Maharashtra, and was followed by annual outbreaks. ✅H5N8 was first observed in India in November 2016, mainly affecting wild birds across five states, with Kerala reporting the most cases. ✅India's approach to controlling Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) follows a "detect and cull" policy as outlined in the National Action Plan for Prevention, Control, and Containment of Avian Influenza (2021) ● Influenza: ✅HPAI stands for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and LPAI stands for Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Influenza ✅Avian flu SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Center tweaks Green Credit Programme norms; to focus on restoration of ecosystem- ✅Amid concerns that the Green Credit Programme (GCP) may encourage tree planting for financial gains the Union Environment Ministry- has clarified that primacy must be accorded to restoring ecosystems over mere tree planting. ● Key highlights: ✅Forest departments of 13 States have offered 387 land parcels of degraded forest land worth nearly 10,983 hectares. ✅Applications can be submitted by individuals and companies to Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) to pay to “restore” these forests. ✅The actual afforestation will be carried out by State forest departments. ✅Two years after planting and following an evaluation by the ICFRE, each such planted tree could be worth one ‘green credit’. ✅These credits can later be claimed by the financing organization ✅The credit can be used by these organization in two ways: ✅Used for reporting under environmental, social and governance leadership norms to meet corporate social responsibility (CSR) requirements. ● Green Credit: ✅Green Credit is an unit of incentive which is provided to individuals and entities engaged in activities that deliver a positive impact on the environment. ✅Green Credit operates under Green Credit Rules, 2023 which is independent of the carbon credit under Carbon Credit Trading Scheme 2023. ● Green Credit Programme: ✅The Green Credit Initiative was launched by the Prime Minister on the side-lines of COP 28. ✅It is an initiative under the government's Lifestyle for Environment or Mission LiFE. ✅GCP is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, by various stakeholders like individuals, communities, private sector industries, and companies. ✅This initiative involves creating an inventory of degraded wastelands, which can be utilized for planting by individuals and organizations. ✅Participants undertaking environmentally positive actions will receive tradable green credits. ● Prelims Takeaways: ✅Green Credits ✅Greenwashing ✅Mission LiFE SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ The Southern Ocean has the earth’s cleanest air — scientists finally know why- ✅The Southern Ocean is renowned for having the cleanest air on Earth. ✅But the precise reasons why have remained a mystery, until now. ● Reason scientist found: ✅There’s more to it than just a lack of human activity. ✅Yes, there are fewer people down there using industrial chemicals and burning fossil fuels. ✅But there are natural sources of fine particles too, such as salt from sea spray or dust whipped up by the wind. ● The Southern Ocean: ✅It is also called the Antarctic Ocean, encircles Antarctica like a frigid moat. ✅It's the youngest and second-smallest of Earth's five oceans, born from the separation of Antarctica and South America. ✅This dramatic split created the Drake Passage, a notorious channel known for its rough seas. ✅The Southern Ocean is a wild and unforgiving place. ✅It's a battleground of strong winds, fierce storms, and icy temperatures that change dramatically with the seasons. ✅Despite the harsh conditions, the Southern Ocean teems with life. ✅A rich supply of phytoplankton near Antarctica fuels a fascinating food chain. ✅Whales, penguins, orcas, and seals are just a few of the amazing creatures that call this frigid ocean home. ● Prelims takeaway: ✅Drake Passage ✅Antarctica ocean SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Centre reveals forest records after 28 years; seven states miss deadline- ✅As many as 27 states and Union Territories (UT) have furnished details about their records concerning forests, according to the interim judgement passed by the Supreme Court recently. ✅However, the information submitted is not uniform and helps little in understanding the status of Indian forests. ● Legal Framework: ✅Court Order: A Supreme Court ruling requires a broader definition of "forest," prompting an amendment to the Forest Act. ✅Clear Definition: The amended Act (Van Sanrakshan Evam Adhiniyam, 2023) clarifies the definition of "forest" as per the court's interpretation. ✅Enforcement: Stronger enforcement mechanisms are crucial to ensure adherence to the amended regulations and prevent forest degradation. ● Data Transparency: ✅Standardized Reporting: Uniform guidelines are needed for consistent and transparent reporting of forest data across all states. ✅Public Access: Easy public access to forest records promotes accountability and encourages public participation in conservation efforts. ✅Accurate Data: Geo-referencing and clear demarcation of forest areas are essential for accurate monitoring and management of forest resources. ● Environmental Impact: ✅Ecological Damage: Poor forest identification and protection can lead to irreversible ecological damage and biodiversity loss. ✅Community Well-being: Effective forest conservation is crucial for the well-being of local communities who depend on these resources for their livelihoods. ✅Global Importance: India's forest conservation efforts significantly impact global climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals. ● Required Measures: ✅Standardize Data: Centralized guidelines and training for state agencies ensure consistent and reliable forest data collection and reporting. ✅Technology Integration: Utilizing GIS mapping improves the accuracy and efficiency of forest monitoring and management. ✅Enhanced Enforcement: Robust surveillance systems, collaboration between authorities and communities, and swift action against violators are all crucial for effective enforcement. ✅Public Awareness: Engaging stakeholders, promoting environmental education, and empowering local communities fosters a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for forest conservation. ✅By addressing these dimensions, India can significantly improve its forest conservation efforts, ensuring environmental health, community well-being, and progress towards global sustainability goals. ● Prelims takeaway: ✅Forest report ✅DPSP SOURCE - DOWN TO EARTH

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#Environment ■ Centre reveals forest records after 28 years; seven states miss deadline- ✅As many as 27 states and Union Territories (UT) have furnished details about their records concerning forests, according to the interim judgement passed by the Supreme Court recently. ✅However, the information submitted is not uniform and helps little in understanding the status of Indian forests. ● Legal Framework: ✅Court Order: A Supreme Court ruling requires a broader definition of "forest," prompting an amendment to the Forest Act. ✅Clear Definition: The amended Act (Van Sanrakshan Evam Adhiniyam, 2023) clarifies the definition of "forest" as per the court's interpretation. ✅Enforcement: Stronger enforcement mechanisms are crucial to ensure adherence to the amended regulations and prevent forest degradation. ● Data Transparency: ✅Standardized Reporting: Uniform guidelines are needed for consistent and transparent reporting of forest data across all states. ✅Public Access: Easy public access to forest records promotes accountability and encourages public participation in conservation efforts. ✅Accurate Data: Geo-referencing and clear demarcation of forest areas are essential for accurate monitoring and management of forest resources. ● Environmental Impact: ✅Ecological Damage: Poor forest identification and protection can lead to irreversible ecological damage and biodiversity loss. ✅Community Well-being: Effective forest conservation is crucial for the well-being of local communities who depend on these resources for their livelihoods. ✅Global Importance: India's forest conservation efforts significantly impact global climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals. ● Required Measures: ✅Standardize Data: Centralized guidelines and training for state agencies ensure consistent and reliable forest data collection and reporting. ✅Technology Integration: Utilizing GIS mapping improves the accuracy and efficiency of forest monitoring and management. ✅Enhanced Enforcement: Robust surveillance systems, collaboration between authorities and communities, and swift action against violators are all crucial for effective enforcement. ✅Public Awareness: Engaging stakeholders, promoting environmental education, and empowering local communities fosters a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for forest conservation. ✅By addressing these dimensions, India can significantly improve its forest conservation efforts, ensuring environmental health, community well-being, and progress towards global sustainability goals. ● Prelims takeaway: ✅Forest report ✅DPSP SOURCE - DOWN TO EARTH

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CSE 2023 cut off https://www.upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/CutOff-CSE-23-engl-180424.pdf

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#Environment ■ Scientists Grasp at Straws to Save Corals From Fish- ✅Scientists around the world have been working for years to address the decline of coral reef populations. ✅Reef rescue groups in South Florida and the Florida Keys were trying to save coral from rising ocean temperatures. ● Key highlights: ✅Besides working to keep existing coral alive, researchers have also been growing new coral in labs and then placing them in the ocean. ✅It is challenging to make sure coral grown in a laboratory and placed into the ocean doesn’t become fish food. ✅The fish eventually lose interest in the coral as it matures, but scientists need to protect the coral in the meantime. ✅Stainless steel and PVC pipe barriers have been set up around transplanted coral in the past, but those barriers needed to be cleaned of algae growth and eventually removed. ● Coral Reefs: ✅A coral reef is a submerged ecosystem distinguished by the presence of reef-building corals. ✅Coral Reefs are found in shallow tropical and subtropical waters. ✅It is basically a dynamic ecosystem with a wide range of marine life. Even the mangrove and the sea grass are shielded from swells by them. ✅The reef acts as both a habitat and a source of food for numerous different species, including algae, fish, and echinoderms. ✅These reefs consist of clusters of coral polyps bound together by calcium carbonate. ● Importance of Coral Reefs: ✅They protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms. ✅They provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms. ✅They are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food chains. ✅They are carbon and nitrogen-fixing. ✅They help with nutrient recycling. ✅The fishing industry also depends on coral reefs. ✅Many fish spawn there, and come to find food on Corals. ✅The Great Barrier Reef generates more than 1.5 billion dollars annually for the Australian economy from fishing and tourism. ✅Coral reefs are also key indicators of global ecosystem health. They provide early warning signs of ecological shifts in the area. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Coral Reef ✅Marine Ecosystem SOURCE - THE HINDU

CSE 2023 Toppers from Distilled IAS Mains PYQ Guides 2023 AIR 36 Ayushi Pradhan AIR 64 Vinothini C AIR 78 Prashanth S AIR 141 Ria Aggarwal AIR 277 Sandeep Raghuvanshi AIR 287 Jadhav Rao Niranjan AIR 297 Ankit Agrawal AIR 335 Nikhil AIR 357 Archit Deva AIR 430 Issac Jose AIR 442 Priyanshu Agrawal AIR 524 Mahima Tomar AIR 601 Sandeep Kumar AIR 712 S Saikiran AIR 861 Aditya Kumar AIR 949 Karthik D And counting... We have a small team which is still scrambling through the subscription data and result sheet. We haven't even started with Prelims data. This is mostly for the Mains PYQ Guides! Congratulations to the toppers on their phenomenal success🎉! Feel free to call us. This is our first result! We started out with the zeal to build great products to simplify the CSE Prepration and we are proud to have achieved what we did in this short bootstrapped journey so far. We will continue and expand our efforts further. 👉We are celebrating our first batch of toppers by providing a flat 20% discount on all products on our website. Use the code CSEFINAL20 Valid for next 24 hours! https://distilledias.com/ Join our Telegram Channel for Updates and Guidance https://t.me/DistilledIAS Queries @DistilledIAS_Support Whatsapp

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#Environment ■ Scientists Grasp at Straws to Save Corals From Fish- ✅Scientists around the world have been working for years to address the decline of coral reef populations. ✅Reef rescue groups in South Florida and the Florida Keys were trying to save coral from rising ocean temperatures. ● Key highlights: ✅Besides working to keep existing coral alive, researchers have also been growing new coral in labs and then placing them in the ocean. ✅It is challenging to make sure coral grown in a laboratory and placed into the ocean doesn’t become fish food. ✅The fish eventually lose interest in the coral as it matures, but scientists need to protect the coral in the meantime. ✅Stainless steel and PVC pipe barriers have been set up around transplanted coral in the past, but those barriers needed to be cleaned of algae growth and eventually removed. ● Coral Reefs: ✅A coral reef is a submerged ecosystem distinguished by the presence of reef-building corals. ✅Coral Reefs are found in shallow tropical and subtropical waters. ✅It is basically a dynamic ecosystem with a wide range of marine life. Even the mangrove and the sea grass are shielded from swells by them. ✅The reef acts as both a habitat and a source of food for numerous different species, including algae, fish, and echinoderms. ✅These reefs consist of clusters of coral polyps bound together by calcium carbonate. ● Importance of Coral Reefs: ✅They protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms. ✅They provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms. ✅They are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food chains. ✅They are carbon and nitrogen-fixing. ✅They help with nutrient recycling. ✅The fishing industry also depends on coral reefs. ✅Many fish spawn there, and come to find food on Corals. ✅The Great Barrier Reef generates more than 1.5 billion dollars annually for the Australian economy from fishing and tourism. ✅Coral reefs are also key indicators of global ecosystem health. They provide early warning signs of ecological shifts in the area. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Coral Reef ✅Marine Ecosystem SOURCE - THE HINDU

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