статистика аудитории UPSC Environment Ecology Agriculture Notes

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#Environment ■ What are the new Green Credit Programme rules- ✅The Environment Ministry issued further guidelines on its Green Credit Programme (GCP), after it had prescribed rules governing the first initiative. ● Key Highlights: ✅Green Credit Programme: It has its origin in Mission Life. ✅The GCP programme presents itself as an “innovative, market-based mechanism” to incentivise “voluntary actions” for environmental conservation. ✅Individuals, organizations and companies public and private would be encouraged to invest in sectors ranging from ✅Afforestation water conservation, stemming air-pollution, waste management, mangrove conservation and in return be eligible to receive ‘green credits. ✅An autonomous body, the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), is in charge of administering the programme. ✅They will define methodologies to calculate ‘green credits’ that result from the activities prescribed. ✅They will also manage a trading platform whereby such credits could be traded. ● Controversy around GCP: ✅The GCP programme for afforestation says that companies can “exchange” their credits for “complying with compensatory afforestation, which would create excessive deforestation in certain parcels of Land. ✅Planting trees does not automatically boost ecosystems. ✅Planting the wrong types of trees could fester invasive species or prevent a sustainable ecosystem. ✅There is also a threat that natural forests could be razed and invasive monocultures promoted. ✅Finally, the GCP also says that green credits that result in storing carbon (from trees) may be used for carbon trading. ✅This again is controversial as the math equating these activities is not clear. ● Government response: ✅States must rely on to calculate what it would cost to restore a degraded forest landscape. ✅Preference would be given to indigenous species ✅companies would not be able to offset all their obligations under compensatory afforestation using green credits, but could claim a portion of it. ● Prelims Takeaway: ✅Carbon Credit ✅Mission LIFE SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ No forests or animals will be left if human-wildlife conflicts continue- ✅The Supreme Court while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary warned human-wildlife conflicts pose a danger to the existence of forests and wildlife. ● Highlights: ✅The Supreme Court stated, to conserve forest there needs to be a balance between the rights of human and wildlife. ✅The observations came while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of Assam’s Pobitora wildlife sanctuary and the settlement of rights of villagers who reside within the sanctuary. ✅The Bench said the State’s proposals regarding the sanctuary would be cleared by the National Board of Wildlife and also undergo the scrutiny of the Supreme Court. ✅The court ordered the States to include the Chief Wildlife Warden and the Field Director of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary to be made members of the special committee to represent the concerns of the wildlife. ✅The court noted in its order that “from the prima facie perusal of the map, it appears that the State proposes to delete smaller areas of the wildlife sanctuary and include a larger area so as to account for the land of the settlers and also the issue of the growing population of rhinoceros”. ✅Last month the Supreme Court also stayed Assam government’s decision to denotify the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary. ● Impacts of Human-wildlife conflict: ✅Financial losses to humans along with threats to health and safety. Livelihoods, food security and property are also affected. ✅Increase in road and railway infrastructure increases the chances of accidental death of animals. ✅Habitat loss and Fragmentation of animals which leads to biodiversity loss or extinction. ● Prelims Takeaways: ✅Pobitora wildlife sanctuary ✅Human wildlife conflict SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ No forests or animals will be left if human-wildlife conflicts continue- ✅The Supreme Court while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary warned human-wildlife conflicts pose a danger to the existence of forests and wildlife. ● Highlights: ✅The Supreme Court stated, to conserve forest there needs to be a balance between the rights of human and wildlife. ✅The observations came while hearing a case concerning the demarcation of the boundaries of Assam’s Pobitora wildlife sanctuary and the settlement of rights of villagers who reside within the sanctuary. ✅The Bench said the State’s proposals regarding the sanctuary would be cleared by the National Board of Wildlife and also undergo the scrutiny of the Supreme Court. ✅The court ordered the States to include the Chief Wildlife Warden and the Field Director of the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary to be made members of the special committee to represent the concerns of the wildlife. ✅The court noted in its order that “from the prima facie perusal of the map, it appears that the State proposes to delete smaller areas of the wildlife sanctuary and include a larger area so as to account for the land of the settlers and also the issue of the growing population of rhinoceros”. ✅Last month the Supreme Court also stayed Assam government’s decision to denotify the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary. ● Impacts of Human-wildlife conflict: ✅Financial losses to humans along with threats to health and safety. Livelihoods, food security and property are also affected. ✅Increase in road and railway infrastructure increases the chances of accidental death of animals. ✅Habitat loss and Fragmentation of animals which leads to biodiversity loss or extinction. ● Prelims Takeaways: ✅Pobitora wildlife sanctuary ✅Human wildlife conflict SOURCE - THE HINDU

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#Environment ■ Restoring earth’s right to good health- ✅The European Court of Human Rights found the Government of Switzerland guilty of violating the rights of a group of women senior citizens of a Swiss civil society group ✅It noted that the government’s actions to curb emissions were inadequate and had failed to protect women against the impacts of climate change. ● Highlights: ✅The decision which is first of its kind in the world highlights how the climate crisis is increasingly becoming a human rights crisis. ✅A month ago a similar watershed moment happened in India, when the Supreme Court of India ruled that people have a right ‘to be free from the adverse impacts of climate change’, citing Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. ✅The latest State of the Global Climate Report by the World Meteorological Organization revealed that most climate change indicators reached record levels in 2023. ✅It confirmed 2023 to be the hottest year since global recording of temperatures was started. ✅Records were also broken for ocean heat, sea level rise, Antarctic Sea ice loss and glacier retreat. ✅The health of the planet is under extreme stress, impacting people’s right to live a healthy life. ✅India has made rapid strides in decoupling emissions from economic growth. It has even achieved two of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets ✅Reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33% to 35% from 2005 level ✅Achieving 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources, well ahead of the target year of 2030. ✅However, the country remains highly vulnerable to climate change. More than 80% of its population lives in districts that are at risk of climate-induced disasters. ● Approaches to avert climate crisis: ✅Adoption of an overarching regulation on climate change. While India has several laws and regulations related to tackling climate change, a framework law can help strengthen climate governance. ✅India’s localisation model for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has successfully integrated the SDGs into local-level planning through multi-tiered and multi-stakeholder processes. ✅Another pathway can build on inter-ministerial and inter-sectoral approaches just like one health initiative. ✅Empower citizen groups and civil society organisations in fostering a rights-based dialogue on environment, biodiversity and climate action. SOURCE - THE HINDU

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